Abstract

Background and Objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now form a substantial part of many diets. High intake has been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and common mental health problems. This review examines these findings alongside the preventive dietary principles of Ayurveda. Methods: A narrative search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted for literature on UPFs, gut microbiota, metabolic disease, mental health and the gut-brain axis. Classical Ayurvedic sources were reviewed for Ahara, Agni, Ama, Pathya, Dinacharya and related concepts. Results: The most consistent evidence links greater UPF exposure with excess energy intake, weight gain and cardiometabolic risk. Associations with depression, anxiety and adverse sleep outcomes are also reported, although reverse causation and residual confounding remain possible. Low fibre intake, reduced food-matrix integrity and selected additives may influence microbial metabolism and intestinal barrier regulation, but direct human microbiome evidence is still limited. Conclusions: Preventive Ayurveda supports a practical response based on fresh and minimally processed foods, appropriate quantity, regular meal timing, digestive suitability, physical activity and adequate sleep. Ayurvedic concepts can guide prevention, but they should not be presented as direct biological equivalents of dysbiosis, insulin resistance or neuroinflammation.