Abstract

Background Haridra (Curcuma longa L.), commonly known as turmeric, is an important medicinal plant described extensively in the Ayurvedic materia medica. In the Charaka Samhita, Haridra is included among the ten drugs of Vishaghna Mahakashaya, a pharmacological group described in the fourth chapter of Sutra Sthana. The classical designation of Haridra as Vishaghna provides an important conceptual basis for investigating its contemporary biological activities, particularly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Objective This narrative review aims to critically examine the classical Ayurvedic basis of Haridra as a member of Vishaghna Mahakashaya and to correlate this concept with contemporary evidence concerning its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods A narrative literature review was undertaken using classical Ayurvedic references and contemporary biomedical literature. Relevant publications concerning Curcuma longa, curcumin, immunomodulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and safety were considered. Classical Ayurvedic concepts were interpreted separately from modern pharmacological findings to avoid inappropriate equivalence between traditional terminology and contemporary molecular mechanisms. Results Charaka places Haridra within Vishaghna Mahakashaya. Its Ayurvedic pharmacological profile includes Tikta and Katu Rasa, Ruksha Guna, Ushna Virya and Katu Vipaka. Contemporary research indicates that C. longa and curcuminoids possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Experimental literature suggests modulation of inflammatory signalling pathways, including NF-κB-related pathways, and effects on inflammatory mediators. Human clinical evidence has demonstrated effects on selected inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers; however, substantial heterogeneity exists regarding formulations, doses, duration and clinical populations. A major limitation is the poor systemic bioavailability of conventional curcumin, leading to development of multiple enhanced-bioavailability formulations. Conclusion The classical inclusion of Haridra in Vishaghna Mahakashaya provides a valuable Ayurvedic framework for studying its biological effects. Contemporary evidence supports the characterization of Haridra/curcumin as an immunomodulatory rather than simply an “immune- boosting” agent. The Vishaghna concept should not be considered synonymous with a modern antidote or proven detoxification therapy. Well-designed clinical studies using standardized Haridra preparations and clearly defined immune and inflammatory outcomes are required to establish its clinical relevance.