From Classical Claims to Experimental Evidence: An Evidence Mapping Review of Rasaushadhis in Cell-Line Studies
Abstract
Background: Rasaushadhis (herbo-metallic and mineral formulations) are central to Ayurvedic therapeutics (Rasashastra) owing to their low dosage, rapid action, and extensive therapeutic indications. However, global concerns regarding heavy metal toxicity and the necessity for mechanistic validation demand structured scientific exploration. • Objective: To map published original cell-line investigations focused explicitly on Rasaushadhis, summarizing their reported biological activities, safety margins, and alignment with classical indications (Vyadhi-hara claims). • Methodology: A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and DHARA databases up to October 2026. Original research utilizing human or mammalian cell cultures evaluating cytotoxicity, mechanisms of action, and safety parameters of Bhasmas, Kupi-pakwa, Kharaliya, and Parpati preparations was mapped. • Results: The review mapped 84 original investigations involving 42 unique Rasaushadhis tested across 56 distinct human or mammalian cell lines. Bhasmas and Kupi-pakwa preparations emerged as the most researched formulations. Cancer cell lines constituted 68% of the data, demonstrating robust antiproliferative, apoptotic, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing effects. Standard human cell lines consistently verified safety at established therapeutic concentrations. • Conclusion: In vitro models provide strong scientific evidence validating classical antineoplastic (Arbuda/Gulma) and immunomodulatory claims. Future studies must address critical gaps by expanding into non-cancer disease models and standardizing physical characterization protocols.