Abstract

Timira is a classical Ayurvedic ocular disorder described under Drishtigata Rogas, characterized primarily by progressive diminution of vision. Ancient texts delineate its pathogenesis based on Dosha vitiation affecting successive ocular structures (Patalas), eventually leading to severe visual impairment if untreated. In modern ophthalmology, refractive errors—including myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism—represent the most common causes of visual impairment globally, particularly among children and young adults. This review aims to critically analyze the concept of Timira and explore its possible correlation with refractive errors from a contemporary biomedical perspective. A structured literature review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The analysis suggests that early stages of Timira, particularly involvement of the first and second Patalas, share clinical similarities with refractive errors, including blurred vision, difficulty in distant or near vision, and visual distortion. However, Timira is a broader pathological entity encompassing progressive degenerative changes, whereas refractive errors are primarily optical abnormalities. Ayurvedic management focuses on Dosha balancing, Rasayana therapy, and local ocular procedures such as Tarpana and Anjana, while modern treatment relies on optical correction and refractive surgery. Although conceptual overlaps exist, direct equivalence remains limited. Integrative research is necessary to validate these correlations and explore complementary therapeutic strategies.