Abstract

Cosmetic practices in India have a long history, but they were never limited to facial decoration. Archaeological evidence, Ayurvedic texts and Sanskrit literature describe a culture in which bathing, oil massage, herbal pastes, hair care, eye applications, oral hygiene, fragrance, flowers, clothing and ornaments were all part of personal presentation. Ayurveda placed these practices within a wider idea of well-being, linking outward appearance with cleanliness, nourishment, daily routine and mental balance. This narrative review examines the historical development of cosmetic culture in ancient India and discusses the role of practices such as Abhyanga, Udvartana, Snana, Lepa, Anjana, Dantadhavana, Gandusha and Kavala. It also considers commonly used materials, including sandalwood, turmeric, lodhra, manjistha, amalaki, saffron, sesame oil, aromatic woods and flowers. The surviving literature shows that grooming was practised by both women and men and carried hygienic, social, ceremonial and sensory meanings. Some traditional ingredients now have preliminary scientific support, but historical use alone cannot establish modern safety or effectiveness. Carefully standardized formulations, toxicological assessment and clinical testing are therefore needed before traditional practices are adapted for contemporary cosmetic use. Ancient Indian cosmetology is best understood as an integrated culture of health, hygiene, aesthetics and self-care rather than as a collection of early beauty recipes.